Abstract:
Latin American regionalism, whether analysed through political science or international law, intrigues and questions: between globalisation and fragmentation, how to understand inter-systemic relations? Or, put another way, how to untangle the spaghetti bowl from the multiplication of regional integration and WTO universalist project perspective? The Pacific Alliance, launched in 2011 by Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, is presented here as a possible answer. This article aims to analyse the embryonic Pacific Alliance dispute settlement mechanism in light of the Kantian criterion of effectiveness.

Resumen:
El regionalismo latinoamericano, bien sea analizado a través de la ciencia política o bien del derecho internacional, intriga y cuestiona: entre la universalización y la fragmentación, ¿cómo comprender las relaciones intersistémicas? O dicho de otra manera, ¿cómo desenredar el spaghetti bowl desde la perspectiva de la multiplicación de las integraciones regionales y del proyecto universalista de la OMC? La Alianza del Pacífico, iniciada en 2011 por Chile, Colombia, México y Perú, se presenta aquí como una respuesta posible. El presente artículo propone analizar el mecanismo embrionario de solución de controversias de la Alianza del Pacífico a la luz del criterio kantiano de la eficacia.

Author: Méryl Thiel
Spanish Title: Alianza del Pacífico: Reto de la Estética de los Mecanismos de Solución de Controversias
French Title: Alliance du Pacifique: enjeu de l’esthétique de la résolution des différends
Full document: 2016, Thiel, Alliance du Pacifique- Enjeu de l’esthétique de la Résolution des Différends

Abstract:
International trade interacts with gender equality in different ways. Its impact is not neutral. The various implications of international trade upon them are conditioned by the distinct roles of women and men in economic activity.
Recognising the socio-economic gaps between both sexes, the most recent trade policies include gender provisions as a means to promote the economic empowerment of women.

In some cases, gender-specific provisions are included in agreements to promote equality, and there are also initiatives to mainstream a gender perspective into general trade rules, and into support instruments for the export sector. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC) has been a pioneer in including gender issues into its agenda. A stand-alone chapter on gender and trade in a bilateral trade agreement was incorporated for the first time in the 2016 free-trade agreement between Chile and Uruguay. Another milestone was the Joint Declaration on Gender and Trade, endorsed by 118 countries in the context of the 11th Ministerial Conference of the WTO in December 2017.

At the firm level, trade policy in Latin America and the Caribbean has been developing gender initiatives to further women’s export entrepreneurship.
Future actions on gender and trade can be implemented in three different areas: generation of disaggregated data by sex; development of gender-specific trade policies at the national, bilateral and multilateral levels; and promotion of women’s export entrepreneurship, where trade promotion agencies (TPOs) play a key role.

Resumen:
No disponible

Author: Alicia Frohmann
Full document: 2017, Frohmann, Gender Equality and Trade Policy