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Regional Integration in Latin America - The Pacific Alliance a Way Ahead
Journal Articles, Spanish

The Pacific Alliance and the potential effects of a Trans-Pacific Economic Cooperation Agreement without the United States

Abstract:
This article analyses the possible consequences of the entry into force of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) without the United States for the countries of the Pacific Alliance (PA). It develops a descriptive analysis of the evolution of trade between PA countries and TPP member countries during the period 1980-2015. Gravitational models are also estimated to empirically examine the determinants of trade flows in these countries. As a result, the paper shows that TPP may favour trade flows in PA countries and that the withdrawal of the U.S. from TPP would not affect these trade flows.

Resumen:
Este artículo analiza las posibles consecuencias, para los países de la Alianza del Pacífico (AP), de la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo de Asociación Transpacífico (TPP) sin Estados Unidos. Para ello, se desarrolla un análisis descriptivo de la evolución del comercio de los países de la AP con el resto de los países miembro del TPP durante el periodo 1980-2015. También se estiman modelos gravitacionales para examinar empíricamente los determinantes de los flujos comerciales de estos países. Se encuentra que el TPP puede favorecer los flujos comerciales de los países de la AP y que la salida de Estados Unidos del TPP no afectaría estos flujos comerciales.

Author: Leonardo Raffo López, Edwin A. Hernández García and Víctor A. Díaz España
Spanish Title: La Alianza del Pacífico y los Efectos Potenciales del Acuerdo Transpacífico de Cooperación Económica sin Estados Unidos
Full document: 2018, Raffo et al, The Pacific Alliance and the potential effects of a Trans-Pacific Economic Cooperation Agreement without the United States

March 11, 2016by Ana Maria Palacio
Journal Articles, Spanish

Free Trade: Trade Agreements and a New Order —A Balance

Abstract:
Free trade is an ancient aspiration that in essence was born with the economic science in the late eighteenth century, but that has only existed in the partial and limited form in the last third of the nineteenth century and until WW1. The birth of the GATT comes after the failure of the Havana Conference and obeys to the need of the world powers at the time to liberalise trade. It proposes the creation of free trade areas and customs unions as side mechanisms of global free trade.

There are more than 400 free trade agreements. Mexico has signed 11 of them with which it formalises, although it does not start its economic opening. Mexico also has taken part in two free trade transnational alliances (TPP and Pacific Alliance), which must be carefully analysed. There is speculation around the Transpacific and Transatlantic free trade agreements and their possible influence on the global economy.

Resumen:
El libre comercio es una antigua aspiración que, en rigor, nace con la ciencia económica a fines del siglo XVIII, pero que solo ha existido, en forma parcial y limitada, en el último tercio del siglo xix y hasta la I Guerra. El nacimiento del GATT después de la II Guerra como segunda opción ante la fracasada Carta de Comercio y Empleo obedece a la necesidad de las grandes potencias comerciales de la época de liberalizar el comercio. Este prevé la formación de áreas de libre comercio y de uniones aduaneras como mecanismos alternos al libre comercio de alcance universal, existen más de 400 de estos acuerdos. México es parte en 11 de ellos, con los que formaliza, no inicia, su apertura económica y de dos agrupaciones multilaterales (Alianza del Pacífico y Acuerdo Transpacífico), lo que debe ser analizado cuidadosamente. Al final se especula en torno a los acuerdos Transpacífico y Trasatlántico y su posible influencia en el funcionamiento de la economía mundial.

Author: Antonio Gazol Sánchez
Spanish Title: Libre comercio: tratados y nuevo orden. Un balance
Full document: 2016, Gazol, Libre Comercio- Tratados y Nuevo Orden- Un balance

March 10, 2016by Ana Maria Palacio
English, Journal Articles

Is the Pacific Alliance a Potential Pathway to the FTAAP?

Abstract:
The establishment of a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) is one of the priorities of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) to enhance regional economic integration beyond the Bogor Goals, as reflected in the Beijing Roadmap for APEC in 2014. Multiple pathways could converge into the FTAAP, and these include the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). This paper discusses the potential of the Pacific Alliance (PA) to provide an additional pathway that also contributes to the FTAAP process and regional integration in Asia-Pacific.

The analysis suggests that the PA can be considered a comprehensive mechanism that is in line with the Bogor Goals, and its achievements in areas such as market access, services, investment, and new generation issues suggest that it is a WTO+ agreement. However, some issues would need to be negotiated among its members—such as intellectual property, labour, and environmental protection—for the PA to profile itself as a pathway equivalent to the TPP. The PA, however, is more comprehensive than the RCEP. The analysis also suggests that despite having only four members, the PA is a “living agreement” and is open to other APEC economies for membership and, therefore, has the potential to become a region-wide agreement.

Resumen:
No disponible

Authors: Camilo Pérez-Restrepo and Adriana Roldan-Pérez
Full document: 2016, Restrepo & Roldan, Is the Pacific Alliance a Potential Pathway to the FTAAP?

March 10, 2016by Ana Maria Palacio
Academic, Articles, Spanish

The Pacific Alliance and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

Abstract:
Not available

Extracto:
A través de la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta (“Belt and Road Initiative -BRI” por sus siglas en inglés), China ha establecido relaciones bilaterales con los estados latinoamericanos.

“Consideramos que sería beneficioso para países como Chile, Colombia, México y Perú, que comparten intereses políticos y económicos en torno al bloque económico de la AP, que a través de esta canalizaran sus relaciones con la iniciativa BRI.”

También creemos que la AP, al ser un proyecto de integración económica que simultáneamente tiene un origen latinoamericano y un enfoque que es tanto el Pacífico latinoamericano como el asiático, la AP debería ser una institución adecuada para que sus miembros enmarquen y desarrollen su relación con China no de manera individual, sino regional.
(…)
Las cifras económicas muestran que el comercio intrabloque de la AP es bajo y que los miembros de la AP no tienen una participación significativa en las CGV. Por lo tanto, no parece tener mucho sentido entender a la AP como un proyecto destinado a integrar las economías de sus miembros entre sí o en las CGV. En cambio, la AP tiene sentido como una plataforma para negociaciones birregionales de bloque a bloque o bilaterales de bloque a estado con actores asiáticos como por ejemplo China.
(…)

Authors: Juan-Felipe Toro-Fernández & Jaime Tijmes
Spanish Title: La Alianza del Pacífico y la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta
Full Document: 2020, Toro-Fernández &  Tijmes, La Alianza del Pacífico y la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta

Source: https://www.ambitojuridico.com
January 20, 2016by Ana Maria Palacio
Journal Articles, Spanish

Mexico’s Foreign Policy during the Presidency of Enrique Peña Nieto

Abstract:
This article aims to make an account of the actions taken on foreign policy issues during the government of the current President of Mexico, Enrique Peña Nieto, between 2012 and 2016. As an introduction, the study enunciates the basic Mexican Foreign Policy principles. These principles respond to a long diplomatic tradition derived from the Constitution of 1917.

Subsequently, a review of the main strategies established in the National Development Plan 2013-2018 is made. The mechanisms used to conduct the country´s current international relations are also studied. The article concludes that the current foreign policy seeks to prioritise economic issues, explicitly seeking foreign investment following the implementation of structural reforms and therefore the preferred mechanism is the TPP as the primary instrument of regional integration.

Resumen:
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un recuento de las acciones emprendidas en materia de política exterior durante el gobierno del actual presidente de México, Enrique Peña Nieto, entre los años 2012 y 2016. A manera de introducción, se enuncian los principios básicos de la política exterior mexicana que responden a una larga tradición diplomática derivada de la Constitución de 1917.

Posteriormente, se realiza una revisión de las principales estrategias establecidas en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2013-2018, y se estudian cuáles mecanismos son los prioritarios para el ejercicio de las actuales relaciones exteriores del país. Se concluye que, la política exterior actual busca priorizar los temas económicos, específicamente la búsqueda de la inversión extranjera sobre todo a raíz de la implementación de las reformas estructurales y por consecuencia el mecanismo preferente es el TPP, como principal instrumento de integración regional.

Authors: Kenia Ramírez Meda and Nalia María Rochin Aguilar
Spanish Title: La Política Exterior de México durante el Sexenio de Enrique Peña Nieto
Full document: 2017, Ramirez & Rochin, La Política Exterior de México durante el Sexenio de Enrique Peña Nieto

March 6, 2015by Ana Maria Palacio
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Hello my name is Ana Maria Palacio. I have a PhD from the University of Melbourne. This blog is about my thesis project, the Pacific Alliance.

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