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Regional Integration in Latin America - The Pacific Alliance a Way Ahead
Spanish, Theses

Determinants of Export Diversification in the Pacific Alliance 1980-2017: A Panel Co-Integration Approach

Abstract:
The study of policies that promote export diversification has become relevant in economies with abundant natural resources. In this context, this study aims to determine the factors that contribute to export diversification, measured by the Theil Index, in the Pacific Alliance during the period 1980-2017. For this purpose, panel data cointegrating regressions with fixed effects (FMOLS) are estimated. Also, the Granger test is estimated to assess the impact in the short term. The results show that increases in the human capital index and inflow of foreign direct investment positively and significantly affect long-term export diversification. Besides, the rise of trade produces and domestic credit to private sector granted by banks positively affects the concentration of exports. Regarding the fixed effects by country, Perú shows the highest intercept, indicating that it is the country with the highest export basket concentration. In contrast, Mexico has the lowest intercept in all the regressions confirming that it has the most diversified export basket due to its geographic advantage.

Furthermore, the short-term analysis indicates that the human capital index is the most endogenous variable. The terms of trade shocks have a high impact when the export basket is concentrated, and there are deficiencies in human capital. For the Peruvian economy, we recommend applying vertical policies that promote the insertion in the global value chain of mining resources and horizontal policies that allow the development of micro, small and medium enterprises.

Resumen:
En economías con abundancia de recursos naturales ha tomado relevancia el estudio de políticas que promuevan la diversificación de exportaciones. En ese contexto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar los factores más relevantes que contribuyen a la diversificación de exportaciones, medido a través del Índice de Theil, en la Alianza del Pacífico durante el periodo 1980-2017. Para el efecto, se estimaron regresiones de datos de panel en presencia de cointegración según la metodología MCO totalmente modificado o FMOLS con efectos fijos. Asimismo, se estimó la prueba de Granger para evaluar el impacto en el corto plazo. Los resultados muestran que un aumento del índice de capital humano y la entrada de inversión extranjera directa tienen un efecto positivo y significativo sobre la diversificación a largo plazo. Además, se encuentra que el alza en los términos de intercambio y el crédito al sector privado otorgado por bancos tiene un efecto positivo y significativo sobre la concentración de exportaciones en el largo plazo.

Respecto a los efectos fijos por país, Perú muestra el intercepto más elevado, indicando que es el país con mayor concentración de la canasta exportadora. Por el contrario, México tiene el intercepto más bajo en todas las regresiones confirmando que tiene la canasta exportadora más diversificada dada su ventaja geográfica. En el análisis de corto plazo, se encuentra que la variable más endógena es el índice de capital humano y que los shocks a los términos de intercambio tienen mayor impacto cuando la canasta exportadora está concentrada y hay deficiencias en capital humano. Finalmente, dada la evaluación de políticas que promuevan la diversificación y competitividad en el Perú, se recomienda la aplicación de políticas verticales que permitan avanzar en la cadena global de valor de los recursos mineros y políticas horizontales que permitan el desarrollo conjunto de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas.

Authors: Zenaida Nadya Alcarraz Molina
Full document:2020, Alcarraz Molina, Determinantes de la diversificación de exportaciones en la Alianza del Pacífico 1980-2017 _un enfoque de cointegración de panel

January 15, 2016by Ana Maria Palacio
Journal Articles, Russian

Demonyms in the Pacific Alliance countries: morphological and semantic variation

Abstract:
The existing research on onomastics does not sufficiently reflect upon the relation between cultural codes and demonyms, considering that demonyms universally represent linguistic devices for expressing territorial and regional identity. The article focuses on the complex polyparadigmal analysis of the system of demonyms related to the macrotoponymy of the four founding countries of the Pacific Alliance: Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. Each of the four founding countries of the Pacific Alliance is characterised by the uniqueness of its culture, historical development, the specifics of the national variant of Spanish that reflects the indigenous influence of substrates, and society’s collective values.

The article’s research tasks consist of systemising the morphological devices and the cultural layers of demonyms connected with the administrative division of given countries, detecting the variation parameters, comparing them from the linguacultural point of view. The research’s main material has been 100 official demonyms of Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, and 31 variative denominations. The research materials are based on the official websites of the administrative units of the four countries, dictionaries data, diverse types of texts and discourse, and the notes of the informants’ speech. The research uses such methods as the continuous sampling method based on Internet sources, the analysis of dictionary definitions, the method of semantic interpretation, the morphological analysis, combined with interviews with informants whose interaction is made possible by the complex polyparadigmal analysis of the material.

The authors determined a series of lexemes that function as demonyms and analysed their form and content from the linguistic perspective. It has been revealed that the main tendency in the formation of suppletive demonyms for macrotoponyms is the terrain features and the assessment of ethnic background or mentality. The analysed demonyms manifest the relations of intralingual, intervariant homonymy, as well as hypo-hyperonymic relations. The complex analysis of the material has provided an opportunity to represent the demonym systems of Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru as multidimensional and at the same time inherent to the unified functional continuum of the entity in Spanish-speaking countries. The research results have concluded that demonyms act as independent notions and generators of new meanings and allusions. It is recommended to use transliteration when translating suppletive demonyms. Simultaneously, their decoding amplifies the linguacultural competence of Spanish-language students and harmonises the intercultural dialogue with the native speakers of Chilean, Colombian, Mexican and Peruvian national variants of Spanish in the areas of education and business.

Resumen:
No disponible

Authors: Olga Chesnokova & Marija Radović
Full document: 2020, Demonyms in the Pacific Alliance countries- morphological and semantic variation

January 15, 2016by Ana Maria Palacio
Academic, Spanish, Theses

Effects of Panama’s potential participation in the Pacific Alliance

Abstract:
Considering the importance that the Pacific Alliance has acquired as an economic bloc, the purpose of this investigation is to show the trade relations process of its members, and how Panama would benefit greatly from becoming a member of the alliance. Panama’s international relations would be strengthened, economic integration improved and at the same time, this membership would allow Panama to keep contributing and improving in world trade. The Republic of Panama has made great strides in international trade, one of which was expanding the Panama Canal, its offer and capacity for its users. The investigation details the participation that Panama has had as an observer member and the relationships with each Pacific Alliance member that have improved in recent years. Thus, Panama complies with most of the possible requirements for accession to this integration mechanism.

Resumen:
Teniendo en cuenta la importancia que actualmente ha ido adquiriendo la Alianza del Pacifico como bloque económico, el presente trabajo pretende mostrar el proceso en las relaciones comerciales de sus países miembros, y cómo Panamá saldría beneficiado en ser un integrante más de este bloque, pues se fortalecerían sus relaciones internacionales, mejoraría la integración económica, lo que le permitiría al mismo tiempo seguir desarrollando aportes y mejoras en el comercio mundial. La República de Panamá ha hecho grandes avances en el comercio internacional como lo fue la ampliación del Canal de Panamá, lo que le ha permitido ampliar su oferta y capacidad de usuarios. Durante la investigación se detalla la participación que ha tenido Panamá como miembro observador de la alianza y las relaciones que han ido mejorando en los últimos años con cada uno de los miembros de la Alianza del Pacífico, cumpliendo así con la mayoría de los requisitos posibles para que se pueda dar su acceso a la integración.

Authors: Juan Pablo Galvis Cárdenas & Kevin Rodríguez Villa
Spanish Title: Influencia de una posible participación de Panamá en la Alianza del Pacífico
Full document: 2020, Rodriguez & Galvis, Influencia de una posible participación de Panamá en la Alianza del Pacífico

January 15, 2016by Ana Maria Palacio
Books, Spanish

Challenges and opportunities of the Pacific Alliance in the current turbulent international situation

Abstract:
Not available

Resumen:
En un contexto internacional convulso, marcado por el resurgimiento de nacionalismos, populismos y proteccionismos comerciales, la Alianza del Pacífico (ap) busca consolidarse como un mecanismo de integración pragmático y novedoso en América Latina, con proyección extrarregional y sin estructuras institucionales o ideológicas que ralenticen su crecimiento o confronten a otros bloques en materia de desarrollo regional.

(…)
Este trabajo colectivo se da a la tarea de analizar la genealogía de la Alianza del Pacífico, iniciada desde 2011, así como los retos que enfrenta para su consolidación y las oportunidades políticas, comerciales, educativas y sociales que se puede apreciar en la Alianza.

La obra consta de tres apartados en los que la diplomacia, los temas estratégicos del bloque y la relación de la Alianza del Pacífico con otros actores internacionales y regionales permiten desmenuzar el pasado, el presente y los desafíos que en el futuro inmediato afrontará el mecanismo de integración latinoamericano.

Spanish Title: Retos y oportunidades de la Alianza del Pacífico en el actual contexto internacional convulso
Authors/Editors: Mariana Aparicio & Tomás Milton Bravo
Full document: 2019, Aparicio & Milton, Retos_y_oportunidades_de_la_Alianza_del

January 15, 2016by Ana Maria Palacio
Academic, Journal Articles, Spanish

A Dialogue between Discourses and Facts: The Rapprochement between the Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur) and the Pacific Alliance (PA)

Abstract:
The rapprochement between the Pacific Alliance (PA) and Mercosur has been a subject of discussion in light of the political changes experienced in the Latin America region. Regardless of official discourse, it is possible to identify that there is no interest or economic benefit in the convergence of the two blocks, even allowing for the existence of formal dialogues like the Puerto Vallarta Plan. The facts suggest that the proposal is more indicative of the interests of individual political actors seeking to meet their goals in government.

Resumen:
El acercamiento entre la Alianza del Pacífico (AP) y el Mercosur ha sido un tema en discusión ante los virajes políticos que experimenta la región de América Latina. A pesar de los discursos oficiales, es posible identificar que no existe un interés o beneficio económico en la convergencia de ambos bloques, incluso con la existencia de diálogos formales como el Plan de Puerto Vallarta. Los hechos señalan que la propuesta responde más a intereses de actores políticos particulares que buscan cumplir sus objetivos de gobierno.

Authors: Mariana Aparicio Ramírez, Gustavo Adolfo Islas Cadena & Iván López Martínez
Full Document: 2020, Aparicio, et al, Un diálogo entre discursos y hechos- el acercamiento del Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur) y la Alianza del Pacífico

January 15, 2016by Ana Maria Palacio
Academic, English, Journal Articles

A Regional Response to a Global Problem: Single-Use Plastics Regulation in the Countries of the Pacific Alliance

Abstract:
Unsustainable production and consumption patterns of single-use plastics are causing worldwide negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts on land-based and marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, in Latin America, plastics governance is still fragmented across borders because of dispersed normative adoption and limited regional coordination. In this context, the instrumental level of articulation between the international principles of environmental law and the formal legal arrangments from the Pacific Alliance is assessed to analyse how this strategic platform can contribute with a regional response to the global problem of single-use plastics.

For this purpose, an illustrative case study of the national and subnational regulation developed by the Pacific Alliance and its members was performed. A framework analysis was conducted on the official legal documents from Mexico, Colombia, Chile, Peru and Ecuador. The results show extensive and scattered subnational regulation to control plastic bags’ consumption and single-use plastics, with diverse policies on extended producer responsibility, education and economic strategies to influence mainly the consumer’s behaviour. Recommendations are presented to improve plastics governance in the region through the legal component. 

Resumen:
Not available

Authors: Adriana Abril Ortiz, et al
Full Document: 2020, A Regional Response to a Global Problem_ Single-Use Plastics Regulation in the Countries of thePacific Alliance

January 15, 2016by Ana Maria Palacio
Academic, Journal Articles, Spanish

Service chaining model between the Pacific Alliance and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

Abstract:
This article compares the chapter on investments in the Additional Protocol with the Pacific Alliance Framework Agreement (PA) and the chapter on investments in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). It also examines how both the chapters enable mode 3 of service trade (commercial presence) and service chaining to be used as an investment method in compliance with the chapters on cross-border service trade, which is included in both agreements to structure and design a Latin American services factory for the Asia-Pacific region.

Owing to the coordination and level of agreement between both the regulatory systems, the purpose established in the Framework Agreement of the PA may be accomplished, the aim of this being to attract investments and promote service chaining (mode 3, commercial presence) with the Asia-Pacific region.

Resumen:
Este artículo compara el capítulo de inversiones del Protocolo Adicional al Acuerdo Marco de la Alianza del Pacífico (AP) y el capítulo de inversiones del Tratado Integral y Progresista de Asociación Transpacífico (CPTPP). Además, examina cómo ambos capítulos permiten que el modo 3 del comercio de servicios (presencia comercial) y los encadenamientos de servicios se configuren como una forma de inversión de conformidad con los capítulos de comercio de servicios transfronterizos de ambos acuerdos, de modo que permita estructurar y diseñar una “Fábrica Latinoamericana de Servicios para el Asia Pacífico”.

En nuestra opinión, la coordinación de ambos sistemas normativos y su grado de convergencia permiten alcanzar el objetivo definido por el Acuerdo Marco del AP, en el sentido de atraer inversiones y promover el encadenamiento de servicios (modo 3, presencia comercial) con la región del Asia Pacífico.

Authors: Juan-Felipe Toro-Fernández & Jaime Tumes-Ihl
Spanish Title: Modelo de encadenamiento de servicios entre la Alianza del Pacífico y el Tratado Integral y Progresista de Asociación Transpacífico
Full document: 2020, Modelo de encadenamiento de servicios entre la Alianza del Pacífico y el Tratado Integral y Progresista de Asociación Transpacífico

January 15, 2016by Ana Maria Palacio

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Hello my name is Ana Maria Palacio. I have a PhD from the University of Melbourne. This blog is about my thesis project, the Pacific Alliance.

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